除草剂胁迫下3种牧草浸提液对受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探明除草剂胁迫对3种牧草的化感作用，本研究采用室内生测法，采用不同推荐剂量的草铵膦和草甘膦分别处理紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）和红豆草（Onobrychis viciaefolia）幼苗，测定3种牧草浸提液对受体小白菜（Brassica chinensis）种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响，并结合化感效应值对牧草的化感活性进行分析，旨在为牧草田的杂草防治及科学使用除草剂提供理论参考。结果表明：3种牧草浸提液对受体植物发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗高、最大根长及活力指数均具有一定的影响，对最大根长的影响最大；受2种除草剂胁迫后，供试牧草的化感作用均显著高于清水处理，其中草甘膦胁迫后的表现更为明显，其对供试牧草化感作用的强弱顺序为：红豆草>紫花苜蓿>黑麦草。综上，除草剂胁迫下可明显增强紫花苜蓿、红豆草和黑麦草的化感作用。     

圆柏对几种农田杂草及作物的化感潜力分析

为探究圆柏（Sabina chinensis）的化感作用，本研究采用培养皿滤纸法研究圆柏叶片浸提液对地肤（Kochia scoparia）、稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli）、藜（Chenopodium album）、反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）5种杂草种子和向日葵（Helianthus annuus）、燕麦（Avena sativa）、油菜（Brassica campestris）、荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum）4种作物萌发和生长的影响，并用圆柏叶片、树枝、树皮粉末和浸提液进行盆栽抑草效果检测。结果表明：圆柏叶片浸提液对5种杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长具有显著的抑制作用，对地肤、藜、反枝苋萌发及生长的化感效应指数均在-0.98以上；盆栽抑草结果表明，圆柏不同部位对5种杂草种子萌发和稗草及反枝苋株高生长均有较好的抑制作用，叶片化感强度大于树皮和树枝，叶片粉末拌土处理抑草效果好于浸提液叶面喷施；对作物的化感作用结果表明，圆柏叶片浸提液稀释1.5倍时，抑制荞麦种子萌发但不影响其株高及根生长，不影响燕麦种子萌发但降低其株高和根长生长，抑制油菜的发芽势和发芽指数但不影响其种子萌发率，促进油菜株高及根长生长，不影响向日葵种子萌发和生长。综上所述，圆柏具有良好的抑草活性，对作物影响较小。     

复方中草药添加剂对稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭生理效应的影响研究

为研究复方中草药添加剂对稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标的影响,试验选取体重相近、体况健康的15日龄成都麻鸭240只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复12只。4组为对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验1、2、3组在基础饲粮中按照质量比分别添加0.5%(低剂量组)、1%(中剂量组)、2%(高剂量组)的复方中草药,试验期90 d。结果显示:(1)试验1、2、3组的平均日增重分别较对照组提高2.19%、4.34%、4.98%(P<0.05);试验2、3组的料重比分别较对照组降低3.37%、3.63%(P<0.05);(2)试验2组和3组的总蛋白(TP)分别较对照组提高4.20%、6.08%(P<0.05);试验2组和3组的尿素氮(BUN)分别较对照组降低12.72%、16.36%(P<0.05);试验2组和3组的谷草转氨酶(ALT)分别较对照组降低15.84%、19.22%(P<0.05);试验3组的谷丙转氨酶(AST)较对照组降低19.34%(P<0.05);(3)试验2组和3组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)分别较对照组提高15.80%、20.00%(P<0.05);试验3组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)较对照组提高22.37%(P<0.05);(4)三个试验组的IgA、IgM、IgG、IFN-γ、IL-2显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)较对照组提高10.06%(P<0.05),试验2组和3的组溶菌酶(LZM)分别较对照组提高6.79%、5.66%(P<0.05)。综上,中草药添加剂能有效提高稻鸭共作模式下成都麻鸭的生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标,本试验条件下,最佳饲喂剂量为1%。     

Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

全混合颗粒料中添加不同类型蛋氨酸对湖羊生长性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究在湖羊全混合颗粒料中添加不同类型蛋氨酸(蛋氨酸钙盐与蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯)对湖羊生长性能及血清生化指标、抗氧化指标和激素含量的影响。选取体重为(19.99±2.04) kg的健康湖羊72只,随机分为3组:对照组、试验Ⅰ组(在基础饲粮中添加1.5 kg/t蛋氨酸钙盐)和试验Ⅱ组(在基础饲粮中添加1.5 kg/t蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯),每组6个重复,每个重复4只(公母各占1/2)。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组总增重、平均日增重均有上升的趋势,其中试验Ⅰ组总增重提高了12.8%(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组总增重提高了3.1%(P>0.05);料重比方面,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组均有下降的趋势,其中试验Ⅰ组下降了12.2%(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组下降了3.6%(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅱ组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCH)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总蛋白(TP)含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P <0.05)。3)血清抗氧化指标及激素含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,全混合颗粒料中添加蛋氨酸羟基类似物异丙酯及蛋氨酸钙盐具有提高肉羊生长速度、降低料重比的趋势,同时影响部分血清生化指标,但对血清抗氧化指标及激素含量无显著影响。     

水肥调控对滴灌马铃薯生长、品质及水肥利用的影响

研究生育期土壤水分下限调控和施肥对陕北榆林地区滴灌马铃薯生长、品质和水肥利用的影响,以期探寻马铃薯优质高产的水肥调控模式。以马铃薯紫花白为材料,分别在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期、成熟期设置3个土壤水分调控下限水平:W1(55%、60%、65%、55%、55%)、W2(65%、70%、75%、65%、65%)、W3(75%、80%、85%、75%、75%),4个施肥水平N-P_2O_5-K_2O (kg·hm~(-2))分别为F1(100-40-150 kg·hm~(-2))、F2(150-60-225 kg·hm~(-2))、F3(200-80-300 kg·hm~(-2))、F4(250-100-375 kg·hm~(-2)),共12个处理,在生育期内对马铃薯生长、产量及品质等指标进行观测,分析马铃薯各指标对水肥的响应机制。结果表明:(1)在同一施肥水平下,W2灌水处理的马铃薯生长、产量、品质、水肥利用效率(WUE)均显著高于W1和W3处理。W2处理的平均产量为43 187.15 kg·hm~(-2),比W1和W3分别增加了24.59%和5.26%,淀粉和维生素C含量分别增加了15.32%和6.37%,8.04%和4.66%,WUE分别增加了15.53%和7.54%,肥料偏生产力(PFP)分别增加了21.65%和4.41%。(2)在同一灌水水平下,F3施肥处理的马铃薯生长、产量、WUE均显著高于F1、F2和F4处理,淀粉含量和维生素C含量在F2处理最高。F3处理的平均产量为44 691.32 kg·hm~(-2),比F1、F2和F4处理分别增加了41.79%、10.98%和6.34%。WUE随施肥量的增加均呈抛物线变化趋势,PFP随施肥量增加呈减小趋势,F1处理的PFP平均为108.69 kg·kg~(-1),比F2、F3和F4处理分别显著增加了17.41%、41.06%和87.50%。(3)运用主成分分析法评价马铃薯品质表明,F3W2处理排名第一,是榆林地区马铃薯优质高产的最优水肥组合。     

不同微喷弥雾调控方式下微气候因子对极端干旱区葡萄果实生长及糖度的影响

通过对极端干旱区葡萄在不同微喷弥雾调控方式（WP1,架上喷水1 h;WP2，架下喷水1 h；WP3，地上喷水1 h）下微气候因子与葡萄果实生长形态及糖度的监测，分析葡萄园微气候因子变化规律及其与葡萄果实生长形态和糖度的关系。结果显示：采用微喷弥雾调控可有效降低葡萄园温度和增加湿度，与CK处理（常规滴灌，不喷水）相比，白天平均温度低2.9℃~3.3℃，平均温度低2.5℃~2.9℃，夜晚平均湿度高4.7%~5.5%，同时可促进葡萄果实生长和糖度累积，WP1、WP2和WP3与CK处理相比，果粒纵茎高出2.88、1.76、0.9 mm，果粒横茎高出1.33、1.80、1.76 mm，果粒均重高出0.22、0.26、0.25 g，糖度分别高出7.75%、3.96%和5.53%。在葡萄果实生长发育过程中，白天平均温度和平均温度是影响葡萄纵径和横径的关键微气候因子，晚上平均湿度是影响葡萄果实重量和糖度的关键微气候因子，在白天平均温度为30.4℃~33.8℃、晚上平均湿度为49.5%~50.5%时接近葡萄果实纵径、横径和果粒均重拟合值最大值。根据其相互关系和建立的回归模型，得出可以用白天平均温度、平均温度和晚上平均湿度对该地区葡萄生长和糖度变化进行分析和预测。     

不同氮效率型苜蓿氮素吸收差异与根系形态的关系及其对氮的响应

以高效型苜蓿（‘龙牧806’‘肇东苜蓿’）和低效型苜蓿（‘公农1号’‘陇东苜蓿’）为试验材料，采用营养液砂培法，在4个供氮量下（2.1，21，210和420 mg·L^-1），研究紫花苜蓿苗期氮素吸收、分配的氮效率型差异及其与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明高效型苜蓿品种的株高、地上生物量、根重、总根长和根体积均显著高于低效型品种（P<0.05）；供氮量较低时（2.1和21 mg·L^-1），高效型向根系分配了较大比例的氮素，而低效型则向地上部分配了较大比例的氮素，根系形态参数与总氮量呈显著正相关（P<0.05），且根重对氮素吸收的直接作用较大，直接通径系数是1.230和1.102。因此，在氮胁迫下，根系形态对氮吸收效率起重要作用，尤其是根系形态中的根重对其影响较大。     

Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.